MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY

 

  Hi! Let me introduce myself, my name is Fina Idamatus Silmi, I am from R4D class, English Education Program, Indraprasta PGRI University, and welcome to my first article:) hope u guys enjoy reads this blog:)

   A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word. The main difference between them is that a morpheme sometimes does not stand alone, but a word, by definition, always stands alone. The linguistics field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.

    When a morpheme stands by itself, it is considered as a root because it has a meaning of its own (such as the morpheme cat). When it depends on another morpheme to express an idea, it is an affix because it has a grammatical function (such as the –s in cats to indicate that it is plural). Every word is composed of one or more morphemes.

    In linguistics, Morphology (/mɔːrˈfɒlədʒi/) is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphology also looks at parts of speech, intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning. Morphology differs from morphological typology, which is the classification of languages based on their use of words, and lexicology, which is the study of words and how they make up a language's vocabulary.

    Di dalam linguistik, Morfologi adalah studi tentang kata-kata, bagaimana mereka dibentuk, dan hubungannya dengan kata-kata lain dalam bahasa yang sama. Ini menganalisis struktur kata dan bagian kata, seperti batang, kata dasar, awalan, dan sufiks. Morfologi juga melihat bagian-bagian ucapan, intonasi dan tekanan, dan cara konteks dapat mengubah pengucapan dan makna kata. Morfologi berbeda dari tipologi morfologis, yang merupakan klasifikasi bahasa berdasarkan penggunaan kata-kata, dan leksikologi, yang merupakan studi kata-kata dan bagaimana mereka membuat kosakata bahasa.

                 

    Many words contain a root standing on its own. Roots which are capable of standing independently are called free morphemes, for example:

FREE MORPHEME (Root Words) :

Man   book   tea   rely   sweet   cook

 

AFFIXES

An affix is a morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme such as a root or stem or base. Obviously, by definition affixes are bound morphemes. No word  may contain only an affix standing on its own, like *-s or * -al or even a number of affixes strung  together like *-al-s.

 

PREFIXES

A prefix  is an affix attached before  a root or stem or base like re-, un- and in-.

Examples :

re-make 

un-kind 

in-dependent

re-read 

un-tidy 

in-accurate

 

SUFFIXES

A suffix is an affix attached after a root (or stem base) like –ly, -er, ist, -s, -ing and –ed.

Examples :

Kind-ly 

wait-er 

book-s 

walk-ed 

jump-ed

                                       

Lexical and Grammatical Morphemes

Lexical morphemes are those that having meaning by themselves (more accurately, they have sense).

Grammatical morphemes specify a relationship between other morphemes.

But the distinction is not all that well defined. Nouns, verbs, adjectives ({boy}, {buy}, {big}) are typical lexical morphemes.

Prepositions, articles, conjunctions ({of}, {the}, {but}) are grammatical morphemes.

 

Free and Bound Morphemes

Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. They may be lexical morphemes ({serve}, {press}), or grammatical morphemes ({at}, {and}).

Bound morphemes can occur only in combination—they are parts of a word.

They may be lexical morphemes (such as {clude} as in include, exclude, preclude) or they may be grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).

               

                

 

Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes

    We can make a further distinction within the set of morphemes that are both bound and grammatical. Bound grammatical morphemes (those that don’t have a sense by themselves and, additionally, always occur in combinations) are commonly known as affixes. They can be further divided into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.

Here is some of the evidence for the distinction between inflectional and derivational affixes (the book has more) :

Inflectional Affixes	Derivational Affixes
All are suffixes	May be either suffixes or prefixes
Have a wide range of application. E.g. most English nouns can be made plural, with {PLU}	May have a wide or narrow range
All native to English (since Old English was spoken around 500-1000 AD)	Many were adopted from Latin, Greek, or other languages. (Though others, especially the suffixes, are native, including {ful}, {like}, {ly}, and {AG})

·         English has only eight inflectional suffixes :

1.       Noun plural {-s} – “He has three desserts.”

2.       Noun possessive {-s} – “This is Betty’s dessert.”

3.       Verb present tense {-s} – “Bill usually eats dessert.”

4.       Verb past tense {-ed} – “He baked the dessert yesterday.”

5.       Verb past participle {-en} – “He has always eaten dessert.”

6.       Verb present participle {-ing} – “He is eating the dessert now.”

7.       Adjective comparative {-er} – “His dessert is larger than mine.”

8.       Adjective superlative {-est} – “Her dessert is the largest."

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